Bitcoin, Blockchain, AI, and Telecom Solutions

We are a research and engineering lab designing protocols and tooling that allow institutions to prove Bitcoin exposures and policies with cryptographic proofs, ensuring privacy and trust, while advancing blockchain, AI, and telecom infrastructure.

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Bitcoin Native
Cryptographic Security
Verifiable Transparency

About 402T Labs

Merging deep protocol research with pragmatic engineering.

402T Labs is a research and engineering lab focused on Bitcoin, blockchain, AI, and telecom solutions. We design protocols and tooling that let institutions operate Bitcoin treasuries and settlement systems with cryptographic proofs, not just promises.

Our Focus Areas

  • Treasury Transparency

    Cryptographic frameworks for proving exposure and policy compliance without revealing private keys.

  • Interplanetary Bitcoin Settlement

    Novel primitives and architectures enabling Bitcoin to function as a universal monetary standard across AU-scale distances. Our work introduces Proof-of-Transit Timestamping (PoTT) for cryptographic custody attestation, preserves Bitcoin's base-layer consensus while enabling reliable verification over high-latency, intermittently-connected networks like space communications.

Media Coverage

Cointelegraph

Cointelegraph

Sending Bitcoin to Mars is now theoretically possible: Researchers

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TheStreet

TheStreet

Forget Dollars: Bitcoin Could Run Earth-Mars Economy

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Coinmarketcap

Coinmarketcap

Bitcoin Lightning Enables Mars-Earth Transactions in 3 Minutes

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Research & Publications

Groundbreaking protocols for institutional-scale Bitcoin applications.

Bitcoin as an Interplanetary Monetary Standard

A comprehensive architecture for Bitcoin operations across AU-scale distances, introducing Proof-of-Transit Timestamping (PoTT) for cryptographic custody attestation, header-first replication for efficient sync, and latency-aware Lightning channels with physics-based timelock parameterization.

PoTT Protocol DTN Integration OWLT-Aware Timelocks Federated Settlement
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Treasury Transparency Framework

Coming Soon

A new cryptographic standard enabling institutions to prove Bitcoin exposures and policies while maintaining operational privacy.

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Open Source Collaboration

We publish our work openly. Our reference implementations are available for integration into production systems.

GitHub

Technical Innovations

Novel primitives and architectures for Bitcoin at interplanetary scale.

Proof-of-Transit Timestamping (PoTT)

A transport-layer receipt primitive that cryptographically chains hop-timed custody attestations to Bitcoin payload hashes. Each relay appends a signed receipt with ingress/egress timestamps, creating tamper-evident propagation histories for dispute resolution.

• TAI-encoded timestamps with CCSDS CUC • Anti-splice hash chains prevent manipulation • Per-message nonces ensure uniqueness • OWLT envelope verification

Header-First Replication

An optimization strategy that prioritizes block headers for efficient chain synchronization across intermittent, high-latency links. Headers enable timely fork choice decisions while deferring transaction and filter data to opportunistic transfers.

• ~4.2 MB/yr header bandwidth • Preserves Bitcoin's verification model • DTN-compatible store-and-forward • Efficient for contact-plan scheduling

Latency-Aware Lightning

Lightning Network channels parameterized for interplanetary delays, incorporating one-way light time and jitter allowances into CLTV/CSV timelocks. Channels maintain capital efficiency while accounting for physics-based settlement delays.

• ΔextraCLTV = ⌈(RTT + J)/btarget⌉ blocks • Earth-Mars: 11 extra blocks at 22 min OWLT • Preserves L2 capital efficiency • Watchtower-compatible dispute resolution

PoTT-M2 Verification

A rigorous security profile requiring multi-path, multi-domain evidence with independent time-beacon audits. Ensures administrative diversity and OWLT envelope compliance for high-stakes dispute resolution.

• ≥3 relays from ≥2 administrative domains • Independent TAI time-beacon audits • OWLT envelope cross-verification • Graceful degradation to administrative assertions

Interplanetary-Scale Settlement

Bitcoin architectures that maintain verifiability across extreme network conditions, from Earth to off-planet domains. Our work preserves Bitcoin's base-layer parameters while enabling reliable operation across AU-scale, intermittently connected links.

Making Bitcoin Interplanetary Infographic

Treasury Transparency

Proving solvency without compromising security.

Cryptographic Proofs

Zero-knowledge protocols that prove positions and policies while keeping operational details private.

Audit Integration

Designed to plug directly into existing accounting, audit, and governance workflows.

Institutional Scale

Engineered for the high-throughput and security demands of major corporations.

Treasury Proof Ledger Infographic

Ready to Innovate?

We partner with institutions, researchers, and innovators seeking cutting-edge solutions in Bitcoin treasuries, blockchain protocols, AI applications, and telecom infrastructure. Let's build the future together.

GitHub